However, several mcr variants have been identified in various Enterobacteriaceae species, challenging the efficacy of colistin. With the rapid increase in CRE, colistin has been re-used as the “last line of defense” for the treatment of CRE. NDM-producing CRE isolates have been frequently found in humans, hospital wastewater and animals around the world. New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) has been the main type of carbapenemases conferring resistance to almost all β-lactams, and CRE is the most common NDM carriers. The global spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) has been a pressing threat to public health, and such pathogens have been disseminated widely in clinical settings in many counties, including China. coli carrying bla NDM from the same fresh vegetables. We report for the first time the concurrence of bla NDM-positive P. Sustained surveillance of these foodborne pathogens among fresh vegetables is urgent to ensure the health of food consumers. coli carrying both mcr-1 and bla NDM in different types of fresh vegetables eaten raw is alarming and threatens food safety. coli from fresh vegetables might be derived from animals and transmitted to humans via the food chain. ![]() Plasmid and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the bla NDM-positive P. mirabilis, which showed high-level carbapenem resistance. mirabilis, and five copies of IS CR1 complex class 1 integron containing bla NDM-1 even occurred in one P. Notably, IS CR1 complex class 1 integron capable of capturing bla NDM-1 was found on all untypable plasmids from P. coli was located on similarly non-conjugative IncHI2 MDR plasmids lacking transfer region. mirabilis isolates from different types of vegetables/markets. mirabilis carrying bla NDM-5 was located on similarly transferable IncX3 plasmids, while transferably untypable plasmids were the carriers of bla NDM-1 in four P. All 10 isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The 10 isolates were characterized with methods including antimicrobial susceptibility testing, conjugation, whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. coli concurrently from five fresh vegetables in two markets from China, and four of the five E. mirabilis and five bla NDM-positive generic E. In this study, we identified five bla NDM-positive P. ![]() mirabilis from fresh vegetables, are still lacking. However, reports about CRE, especially P. ![]() Members of Enterobacteriaceae, especially Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli, have been prevalent foodborne pathogens and such pathogens from fresh vegetables have triggered foodborne illness in China. The global spread of colistin or carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) has been a pressing threat to public health.
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